Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely employed in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical stability, an

Wastewater treatment systems are facing increasing challenges to efficiently remove pollutants and create high-quality effluent. Traditional processes often encounter limitations in treating certain contaminants, leading to ecological concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a p